Manifest Destiny A Symbol of Growth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1043 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Manifest Destiny Essay Did you like this example? Winston Churchill once said, Manifest Destiny was on the march, and it was unfortunate that Mexico stood in the path. ( https://www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/manifest-destiny.html). Manifest Destiny is a phrase coined in 1845 by a journalist named John O Sullivan and expressed the idea that drove the 19th Century United States territorial expansion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Manifest Destiny: A Symbol of Growth" essay for you Create order Christianity was very prominent during this time and many settlers believed that the United States was destined by God to expand its ideas and culture across the entire North America continent. Because of this, people believed that the land was theirs for the taking. Many of the historical events, such as the Mexican-American War, the Gold Rush of 1849, gaining Louisiana after the Louisiana Purchase, the western expansion, occurred during this expansion journey. The effects of the belief were both positive and negative. The process of Manifest Destiny not only led to an evolutionary occurrence in history that introduced some of the greatest political influencers and leaders and allowed for growth in religious, economical, and political ways, but it also led to strife and hostility across the area. Supporters of Manifest Destiny insisted the course of America empire was both obvious (manifest) and inexorable (destined) (Greenburg 2). The Second Great Awakening, a Protestant religious revival that occurred during the 19th century, had just occurred when the expansion was beginning. Many Protestant settlers were forming the idea that expansion was inevitable because it was Gods destiny for them to expand. Many political leaders supported the idea of Manifest Destiny. The belief in the importance of western expansion was obvious during Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States, term as President of the United States. He pushed for removal of Native Americans. He attempted to make removal sound beneficial to all, but in reality, he was only interested in expansion (Greenberg, 62). The ideology of Manifest Destiny was a primary motivator for westward expansion ( projects. leadr.msu.edu) Expansion throughout the continent was also President James K. Polks, the 11th President of the United States, goal. Polk is the President who is most closely associated with Manifest Destiny (history.com). One of his main goals as President was to acquire California (Greenberg 107), which he accomplished. He was also able to expand the United States through the Mexican-American War (biography.com). Land was also associated with power, wealth, and politics so this is another reason Manifest Destiny supporters felt it was theirs for the taking. The attitude behind Manifest Destiny had long been a part of the American experience. The impatient English who colonized North America in the 1600s and 1700s immediately gazed westward and instantly considered ways to venture into the wilderness and tame it (David Heidler 1). A sad reality of this expansion was the conflict that occurred. Much of the conflict that we have with peer countries, areas that are part of the United States, state and federal government processes, and so much more that America is known for practicing today can link back to this century and this journey of Manifest Destiny. To acquire more land, the United States looked West because the land was free, there were opportunities for growth and new economic opportunities such as trade among the Pacific Ocean, and they specifically wanted Mexico. However, moving West would lead to conflicts. Although before the term Manifest Destiny was coined, America had conquered over France and in 1803 took ownership of Louisiana, which we know today as the Louisiana Purchase. This is what really sparked the idea of expansion. It was not too long after that President James K. Polk came into office and really got the expansion going. He had a thirst for expanding and according to www.history.com, Polk was able to acquire at least 10 states within his one term alone. One of the most widely known historical events to occur during this journey was the Mexican-American War . Mexico had become free from Texas in 1836; however, this is something that basically America had regretted ever since. In 1846, America sent troops to th e border of the Rio Grande and the Mexican-American war broke out. This went on for two years until America had conquered them and re-claimed this area. This allowed for a major expansion and is something that people associate with the term Manifest Destiny. Polk also signed the Oregon Treaty of 184, which also according to www.history.com, he was able to claim five more states without going to war. Overall, he was able to expand the US more than anyone before or after him. Due to this journey of westward expansion, America changed greatly. The country became immensely wealthier and larger. There was this new reputation around America that made others feel as though anything and everything would be done with perseverance for America to get what it wants no matter who they lost relationship with along the way. This could be both a good and bad thing; however, as for America, many relationships with neighboring areas were hurt, and it left us with few allies, as well as a strained relationship with the Native Americans, which leads to the Indian War. During this specific time; however, this matter was not of importance. Another issue during this period was slavery. According to www.riversprojectweek.weebly.com, with the expansion increased the areas available for farming which in turn increased the need for slaves. However, Manifest Destiny later brought on debates about slaves and helped to abolish slavery. Many people believe the westward expansion ended with the Civil War , however it did not, it just helped, and this in turn ended slavery. Most of Manifest Destiny was pro-slavery. In conclusion, Manifest Destiny, although only a term, is a symbol for America. This was a process that took place in the 19th century and allowed for political, physical, and economic growth. There were many events that took place during this journey that we are taught and read about today. With any evolutionary change, there are both positive and negative side effects, but the process of Manifest Destiny lead to an amazing occurrence in history that introduced a strong-willed political leader, made America a country of extreme worth; both financially and personally, and although led to conflict, had a greater positive impact on the country today.

Article Analysis 23 Wage Labor Essay - 2061 Words

Article 23 Wage Labor Since the formation of human civilization, the purpose of the civil worker has gone unquestioned, and only until recently, unaltered. The job of the civil worker was a simple one: work during the day, sleep during the night, and repeat the process each day until the worker was unable, be it by death or disability. The worker was paid little, if at all, and benefits were foreign, as what greater benefit was there than to serve one’s lord, country or fellow countrymen? Needless to say, conditions for these workers were poor, and many found it difficult to voice these issues to superiors or to those on their level, as they felt as though nothing could be changed in their monarchical or oligarchical existence. The idea of workers benefits’ and support is a relatively new concept. Beginning primarily in the 20th century, a noticeable adjustment was made in the United States by the newly elected President Roosevelt in 1938. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) into fruition, which introduced the regulation of the minimum wage, the definition of which being, â€Å"(The )minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency and general well-being, without substantially curtailing employment† (minimum-wage.org). The minimum wage of the time was 25 cents an hour, but at the time was a considerably fair price, and one that would change the course of history for the worker forever. Shortly after the introduction of the FLSA was the UniversalShow MoreRelatedCurrent Social Issues : Income Inequality767 Words   |  4 Pages2011) self-doubt might be negatively related to these components. More specifically, the present study will include articles on higher wage workers in order to evaluate the difference between low- and high-wage industries. 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Some believe it would circulate money into the economy faster which would negate and negative effects on employment, or even improve unemployment rates. Others point to the economic theory

Internal Assessment Free Essays

The Social Effects of Absentee Fathers on Boys in Inner-city Communities â€Å"Fatherliness Is an albatross around the neck of this nation, welling us down and choking development†, is a statement Martin Henry, a national journalist, salutes in his article on May 26, 2013 in the Jamaica Gleaner. Inner city communities are plagued with single-parent families and oftentimes it is the father which is absent. Mothers can do much and no more and boys who come from these broken homes oftentimes become a product of their society and a pattern develops. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The issue of absentee fathers has become a social problem In the development of the family (the first Institution of colonization). The community, specifically the Inner-clues, and the society in general. Whether we believe it or not, fathers bring something unique to the family and for this reason, an irreplaceable connection and contribution is made to the life of a child. These contributions can never be replaced by any program of any kind. The absence off father can cause a child to suffer emotionally and socially. Psychology has taught that issues such as this are correlation: a allegations may exist. According to Jennifer Flood’s article,† A review of literature relevant to delinquency and adolescent behavioral and academic success revealed that there may be correlation between a male role model and the teaching of self- control and socially appropriate behaviors†. Koru, a renowned psychologist sums this up in just one sentence,† Fatherliness is a driver for delinquency and crime†. In situations where there is no male figure to look up to or aspire to be like, boys turn to media personalities Like rappers, artistes and sport personae, ones who have animal background and upbringing as they do. However, these figures are not necessarily positive role models as they display signs of arrogance and resentment towards authority. Furthermore, they do not see this as socially unacceptable because they aspire to be like them and so whatever that person does is seen as ‘right’ in their eyes. They acclimatize to that kind of behavior and carry them out in their daily activities. Aid a mi daddy† and â€Å"Mi a Spartan Devil† are common phrases used by the fatherless boys In the community of Granville, SST. James. This affects how hey relate to one another, elders and society on a whole. A statistical analysis shows that fatherless children who normally possess this kind of mindset are 20 times more likely to end up in prison; 20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders; 14 times more likely to commit rape; 9 times more likely to drop out of high school; 10 times more likely to abuse drugs and the list goes on. What glorious future for our boys! This natural disaster sweeping away our country continues as boys with absentee fathers suffer from lack of affection and support because there Is no male Geiger to love and support them, specifically when It comes on to those physical activities such as: sports and manual labor. They pretend as though this doesn’t affect them as it demeans their manhood to show their true feelings. They use different mediums to bring out the anger they feel inside which may, unfortunately, resort to a life of crime and violence. Mothers of these children have to now face the reality that they have now become a menace to society. This lack of affection can also no idea of how to express and show love and so find it difficult to commit to a allegations. They have children outside marriage or any stable relationship, hence, continuing the tradition and the cycle of being an absentee father. Edward Koru, writing about father absence, father deficit and father hunger in Psychology Today underlines the behavioral problems,† Fatherless children have more difficulties with social adjustments, and are more likely to report problems with friendships, and manifest behavior problems; many develop a swaggering, intimidating persona in an attempt to disguise their underlying fears, resentments, anxieties and unhappiness. Gangs and violence and the adoration of the gun as power spring out of this condition. The litany of disaster now becomes a norm which affects us all as citizens of this country. The absence of a father in the family places a heavy weight on the mother of this child. His basic needs may not be met because a mother in those type of communities normally don’t possess a high income Job which earns enough money to supply the needs of the child and so the child grows up into a teenager with the mindset meek a living and will do anything to be successful at this. This springs over to boys being more likely to experience unemployment, having low salary Jobs and even experience homelessness. I strongly believe that we are confronted with a major social disaster. The decline of fatherhood is a major force behind many of our biggest problems: low educational performance, crime, violence, poor social relations and weak economic performance. Clearly, the only way to fix this problem is to solve this issue of fatherliness in our homes. How to cite Internal Assessment, Papers

Computers Should Not be teachers Essay Example For Students

Computers Should Not be teachers Essay Imagine being a one-year-old, sitting in front of a computer on your parents lap. The computer, in its lovely electronic voice, says D is for dog. Flashy screens and unfamiliar voices are not going to register as anything more then entertainment for a young child. Is it really necessary to be on a computer at that young of an age learning the information that parents should be teaching? Try to think ahead a decade latter to a college algebra course. The only resources are a computer and a poorly designed math program on compact disc. Confusion arises, you do not understand how to do functions and the computers method is just not working. All that is wanted is a straight answer from a real teacher, and the computer cannot possibly offer that. For both the child and the college student hands on learning taught by a human would be more affective. Parents and teachers need to take full responsibility for teaching in all levels of education. Many teachers and parents in todays technologically advancing society are changing to a more computerized way of teaching that is less effective and can harm the way students learn. Parents are being told, through the media, that they have a responsibility to begin preparing their children for a future of computers and technology which will advance them onto top schools and high paying jobs. Parents fear that without an early start their children will fall behind and never catch up technologically. Parents are accomplishing this by putting their children as young as eight months in front of a computer. Many companies have designed computer programs for children two and under to learn numbers and letters before they can even speak a sentence. Keyboards have even been designed for small hands and that are drool proof. The concept companies are trying to sell is; if parents buy the programs their children will be smarter. Can a developing child really become smarter just by being exposed to a computer at a very early age? In the first few years of development children learn many of the skills that will carry them through the rest of their lives. Some of the most important skills are language and socialization. Children learn to problem solve, find solutions and to be creative at an early age. They also develop and improve motor skills, hand eye coordination, and depth perception, which cannot be taught by any computer. The best way possible for any child to learn is to experience life, to experiment, and to observe what elders around them are doing. Children need the bond of caring adults to help them learn, yet technology is inadvertently weakening this bond. Sitting a child in front of a screen can actually slow the development of all these skills, especially creativity. The child learns to rely on the computer for creativity rather than their own mind. A child looking at a screen with a dancing dog and cat cannot compare to the effect hands on play could have. All a child has to do today is insert in a CD-ROM and a whole world is hers to play with. A young girl can play princess but never actually move from her chair. With a click of the mouse she can change a computerized girls costume, hair, and make-up. She never got the excitement of prancing around the house, looking goofy in moms make-up, or making the most beautiful dress out of a simple bed sheet. She missed out on the best part of being a child, being able to be mentally and physically creative. The computer did all the work, lessening her imagination skills. Once children get older more of what they learn is in the teachers hands and not so much their parents. Teachers tend to take over in the scholastic part of learning. At the elementary level, children use programs to enhance math and English skills. Games with flashy colors and gimmicks are used to encourage children to get the right answers. .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 , .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .postImageUrl , .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 , .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:hover , .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:visited , .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:active { border:0!important; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:active , .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3 .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c7e96434f5c70b9286df69a131a52e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Close examination of afterwards By Thomas Hardy Essay Many teaching programs always have their pros and cons. Some programs do a great job at drilling and repetition, which improve memorization skills. Yet, children are held back because .

Modernism in Another Country Ernest Hemingway Essay Example

Modernism in Another Country Ernest Hemingway Paper Davenport Jessica Period 3 7 March 2011 Have you ever wondered how modernism went along with the novels that were written in that time? Well â€Å"In Another Country† portrays Modernism and The Harlem Renaissance in many different ways. During this period was when WW1 went on from 1914-1918, The Jazz Age which was know as â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†, and The Great Depression, which included The Dust Bowl and The New Deal. This was just some of the few things that happened. With some of the historical events also came some important people. Edna St. Vincent Millay and Dorthy Parker were the two women who celebrated the clash between the traditional and modern values, celebrating youth, independence, and also freedom from social constraints. Also during this time John Steinbeck was the writer who wrote about the despairs that the population was going through during the dust bowl. During the time of the mass production Sinclair Lewis was just one of the few writers who felt he was being alienated by all of the new values and lifestyles. Along with the different types of things happening there were many different topics and ways that the writers wrote things. Most of the novels were about the war that was going on which was known as â€Å"The Great War† or WW1. In the story â€Å"In Another Country† Hemingway was an injured soldier in Milan, he was one of the very first to try out a new machine that was supposed to help injuries. The doctor that was helping him with his leg injury was hopeful that the machines were going to work and Hemingway would be playing football just like he had been doing before the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernism in Another Country Ernest Hemingway specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Modernism in Another Country Ernest Hemingway specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Modernism in Another Country Ernest Hemingway specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then he meets another soldier who is getting his mangled hand fixed by the same machines and the doctor also promises him that he will be able to return to fencing but this man finds out that his wife has passed away when he was in Milan and he is devastated about it. That is when Hemingway realizes that he did not deserve his medals and his injury was not heroic action but an accident. One way the piece of literature is an example from the period Works Cited â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance and Modernism 1910-1940 A Changing Awareness†. McDougall Littell Literature: American Literature. Evanston I11. : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2008. Print.

Term Paper Editing

Term Paper Editing Term Paper Editing Term Paper Editing Your term paper reader (tutor) knows the subject well and it is up to you to prove that do as well. Imagine that you have handed your college term paper to someone on the street.   Would that person understand what you have read?   Have you expressed your argument clearly and explained all concepts and theories mentioned in a term paper? If possible, ask a friend or family member to read and edit your term paper.   Ask them to point out anything they don't understand. Sometimes, it is hard to put on the paper what comes to your head.   Term paper writing is your chance to impress your tutor with depth of thinking and logical reasoning.   It is easy to become involved into writing process and start over-summarizing materials.   You may assume that the reader knows what you mean.   However, if you have failed to express your ideas clearly, your reader cannot understand your ideas. Term paper editing is about reading, reading, and reading.   The purpose of term paper editing is to make your term paper easy to understand and to format it in accordance to required writing and referencing style.   Good term paper is understandable, logically formatted, and interesting to read. Paper Editing Tips It is important that you have a clear idea of the expectations of your tutor. For example, you should always follow specific guidelines that are set within a particular subject in terms of term paper formatting and referencing requirements. If you are not aware of expectations and requirements, you need to devote some time to talk with your tutor. Editing helps you to see all your mistakes and correct them. Finally, editing is your last chance to improve your work. In the process of term paper editing, check spelling, grammar, and style errors. Term Paper Editing Advices Proofread your work. While writing a term paper, follow specific subject assessment guidelines. Staple the pages together. Unless specifically asked, avoid using expensive folders or folios. Include a cover page (essay question, your name, date, your tutor's name, course, etc.). Type or write your work only on one side of the page. Do not forget to include a bibliography list .com Our site employs a team of professional editors who are able to impress you with qualitative work.   Term paper editing service is aimed at helping you make your term paper perfect, easy to read and easy to understand. We will correct the mistakes, proofread the content, ensure relevance of materials, and check the bibliography formatting.   Feel free to contact us to learn more about our term paper editing services.

What is a Discourse Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is a Discourse Community - Essay Example What is a Discourse Community? John Swales was seen to ascribe a set of six distinguishing characteristics to help establish and define discourse communities, however, the most important distinguishing characteristic was that first, the community have a broadly agreed upon set of common goals. Secondly, the community needs to have an established mechanism via which its members are able to easily communicate among themselves. Third, an effective discourse community is should be able to effectively use its communication mechanism in providing feedback and information; this may also be seen to serve a relatively secondary goal of aiding the community in realizing its goals. Discourse communities tend to share certain expectations pertaining to the appropriate use of form, function of texts and topics. Fifth, discourse communities generally tend to establish a fundamentally specific lexis an example of which may include the development of specialized technical terminologies. Finally, discourse communities are setup ha ving a given threshold level, this level ensures that the members of a given discourse community have a certain basic degree of discourse expertise. Before one can be able to join any given discourse community, they should essentially be able to sufficiently be able to exhibit a certain given degree of knowledge structures. This knowledge of structures that members re required to show an understanding of is seen to generally relate to not only formal schemata such as communication between members, goals of the community and genre convention, it is also seen to be related to the world (Zhu, 35). The School Football Discourse Community Being a student at our school, the importance of football in the school cannot be over emphasized in any way. The first time I attended one of the school’s football games, I was totally taken in by the excitement of the crowd that sought to cheer on the team to victory. Though out the game, it was not uncommon to hear certain calls being called into play. The coach constantly called for plays using terms such as â€Å"13-17-2-8 Action† or â€Å"4 to 6-6-3†. Although these calls appeared gibberish to a bystander like myself, the football players clearly understood, what they were being instructed to do as was evidenced by their changing of their formation as well as play. This was seen to result in very positive results for the football team. Wherever a play did very well or happened to score, the players would quickly run to the player and jump all over each other in what to me seemed to be a painful experience. I constantly asked myself exactly how one could possibly score if by doing so, one essentially risked having the weight of almost half of the team piling on himself. However, my unvoiced pitch-side concerns did not essentially seem to matter to them. After the brief wild moment of celebration, the members of the team would exchange a special handshake with each other. I often found myself envying the close relationship and synergy between the team members. However, my flimsy attempts to qualify to join the elite team of about 24 members in a school with thousands of students met a disastrous ending and I left the field half feeling that I had essentially made a great fool of myself at the tryouts. The members of this discourse community also tend to constantly hang around each other at school discussing football matters and plans so as to help improve their game, they also commonly discuss the strategies that they plan to employ so as to beat

Some people read these stories as literature. Some people read these Essay

Some people read these stories as literature. Some people read these stories as Jewish literature. Whats the difference - Essay Example In her book, Elisa Albert makes it clear that she is an aspiring writer writing on Jewish themes, which is how she described herself after being asked by agents (179). This instantly creates a picture of a Jewish-themed literature being read by the reader. Her later references to women attending shiva, which is a Jewish period of mourning, establishes her essentially Jewish subject matter of her books. Even Roth makes several references to Jewish concepts and terms which conjure up an image of a perceived Jewish novel (139). In the chapter, The Conversion of the Jews, the Jewish and the Christian contradictions in the status of Jesus is highlighted when Ozzie points out that Jesus was not God (Roth, 140). So, at several points in the two books, the readers are reminded of the Jewish essence in the themes. Albert particularly points out her identity as an aspiring writer that too, essentially a Jewish writer writing on Jewish American novels centering her attention at women. This demonstrates the inseparable nature of her Jewish literary identity with her writing career. The references to Judaism are plenty and it is evident that Albert considers her style of writing as essentially Jewish. However, apart from the Jewish theme, Roth does not talk about his writings as a Jewish author although his work reflects a marked tinge of Judaism. Albert talks about her debut novel to Roth highlighting its great ideas. Albert can be observed to be speaking with great enthusiasm about her debut novel which supposedly has great ideas but which ironically is still finding a home. It is amusing to see how Albert’s â€Å"great† novel has yet to be published (179). Also, her concept of â€Å"Great American Jewish Novel† ironically presents a satirical account of women in the light of Jewish traditional contexts. Although Albert would openly embrace the fact that she is a Jewish literature

Business Crime - Christies Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Crime - Christies Ltd - Essay Example Before proceeding to the topic of Christies Ltd. and business crime, it is important to understand how and why the Theft Act 1968 came into existence. This Act was original for it was the first British legislation, which the dealings of criminal law accessible to all citizens and not just limited to attorneys. An article from bbc.co.uk (2001) tells this history: Before 1968, theft and other, similar, offences were governed by a mass of conflicting legislation and common law and was over-complex. Before 1968, if 'ownership' passed by means of deception, the offence was 'obtaining by false pretences'. If 'possession' was passed, the offence was 'larcency by a trick'. Other offences existed, including 'larcency by a servant', 'fraudulent conversion' and 'embezzlement'. It had reached the point where it was harder to discover which crime the accused may have committed rather than whether or not the accused was guilty. The 1968 Theft Act, as well as the 1971 Criminal Damage Act, did much to overcome this problem. All previous theft legislation and common law were overruled, resulting in the creation of the first codified definition of law in England and Wales.

What Does It Mean To Be Catholic Religion Essay

What Does It Mean To Be Catholic Religion Essay 2) A Presentation on Anglican Theology in Contemporary focus. This will be the equivalent to 2,000 words -students are encouraged to explore the possibility of using alternative forms of assessment such as artwork, liturgy, website design or other creative forms. What does it mean to be catholic in the Church of England today? Inheritance The English Reformation in the 16th century was unlike the disposition of the Continental Reformation (i.e. Luther, Zwingli and French-Calvinism). Whereas the Continental Reformation introduced changes in Church Order by eradicating the order of Bishops and priests, the English Reformation, led by the Monarch King Henry VIII, retained the order of the Church whilst embracing Reform. Henry VIII, a reformed catholic, wanted to guarantee the continuity of Englands Catholic Church and the teachings of the early Church Fathers in the Creeds. Elizabeth I, a Protestant Monarch, looked for a moderate position, a middle-way religion which tolerated Catholicism. This prevented division and dissent among her people and fashioned a stable English Church where its doctrines were laid down in the Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman Catholics and Protestantism.(http://bookoflife.org/history/europe/northern_renaissance/calvin.htm Previous theologians in the English Church with high-church beliefs, were strongly convinced that the Church was Gods chosen instrument called forth over against the existing Protestant view that the Church was created as a convenient institute of the Christian Church body. The Oxford Movement (1833-1845) brought a reaction that changed everything. Key figures Keble and John-Henry Newman emphasized the importance of the historic continuity of the church signified by the apostolic succession of the bishops and its sacramental doctrine (Sykes. S. 1988. p.30) and were keen to go back to the pre-Reformation doctrine and liturgy maintained in most of the revised Prayer Books. (Jones.C.1992. p.108) The Catholic tradition has been reinforced by the Oxford Movement. An awareness of Catholic heritage entails being part of the universal Church of Jesus Christ in its fullest expression of faith treasured and continuous from the time of Constantine through the Middle Ages to today. It has stressed the importance of the visible Church and its sacraments and the belief that the ministry of bishops, priests and deacons is a sign and instrument of the Church of Englands Catholic and apostolic identity. (https://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/ index.html) and considered essential to the Church life and the Apostolic Ordering of the Church. Today there are many broad catholic groups in the Church of England; Anglo-Catholics, the Society of the Sacred Cross, Forward in Faith and Affirming Catholicism, These groups, however, are not always united. Their fragmentation dates to the Tractarian Revival and involves the question of the English Churchs identity and integrity. Within the last twenty years there have been tensions over the ordination of women to the sacred priesthood and more recently, over headship and consecration of women as Bishops. The fundamental issue is where the authority of the Church is located. Conservative and traditional Anglo-Catholics are in allegiance with Conservative Evangelicals in the Church of England over the leadership issue. Their belief is that Christ chose to ordain men (Mark 3: 13-19) and that the Apostles did not ordain women (Acts 1:12 -26). Priests, therefore, must be male to act in persona Christus and thus retain ecumenical census. Secondly, there is the teaching of St. Pauls I do not allow women to teach men or have authority over a man. (1Timothy 2:12) There is a sense of vitality when a church is living out the five affirmed marks of mission: proclaiming the Gospel, nurturing and baptizing new believers, transforming communities, loving service and speaking out against injustice and sustaining the earth while protecting the integrity of creation. (www.anglicancommunion.org) Signs of growth would include eventful worship, on-going evangelism and prayer among others. However, it is important to remember that most churches will not always be firing on all five cylinders of the marks of mission. Within Anglicanism the term churchmanship (low, broad and high) describes a distinctive comprehension of church doctrine and liturgical practices by Christians associated with the Church of England and world-wide Anglican Communion. High Churchmanship is referred to as the Anglo-Catholic tradition; a label derived from a sub-group who, influenced by the Oxford Movement, are part of a tradition that emphasizes the continuity with what has gone before; the Catholic tradition. Within high churchmanship there is a spectrum of catholic terminology; (Liberal/Inclusive, Traditional Anglo-Catholic, Modern / Moderate and Prayer -Book Catholics). Traditional Anglo-Catholics Most traditional Catholics are Papalists who see themselves under the authority of papal primacy without actually being in communion with the Roman Church. Full communion with Roman, Western and the Eastern Orthodox Church is desired because the Pope is seen, as being the Patriarch of the West under Roman jurisdiction. Anglo-Catholics have a devotion to our Blessed Virgin Mary under Marys title Our Lady of Walsingham. Theologically, for some Anglo-Catholics, having a devotion to the Eucharist may be more significant for their spiritual and personal prayer-life rather than the celebration of the Mass. The Church of England teaches that only two Sacraments are necessary for salvation; Baptism and Eucharist but there are Anglo-Catholic priests who hear confessions and anoint the sick. Roman Catholicism acknowledges these as part of their seven sacraments (Confession, Marriage, Baptism, Holy Orders, Confirmation, Eucharist and Unction) but would be considered as Rites in the Church of England. Doctrine AC doctrine believes the nature of the Church to be a divinely created instrument of Gods revelation to the world. It is sacramental in her essence and her imperative is to outward visible unity. Her doctrine takes note of history and ecumenical councils whilst responding to contemporary reflections. She proclaims more of a re-interpretation of the faith once delivered to the saints than a new formulation based on present fashion. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith make clear the distinctions between Anglican and Roman Catholic comprehension of doctrine. Whilst the Articles were written so to be open to interpretation, Anglo-Catholics protect Catholic practices and beliefs as being consistent with them. Liberal/Inclusive Catholics Liberal Catholics more readily embrace change and accept new insights in theology; liturgy and moral theology (i.e. issues surrounding homosexuality). The Liberal tradition has emphasized the importance of the use of reason in theological exploration. It has stressed the need to develop Christian belief and practice in order to respond creatively to wider advances in human knowledge and understanding and the importance of social and political action in forwarding Gods kingdom. (https://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/index.html) Liberal-Catholics seek to be inclusive and embrace the diversity of faith; rejoicing in working ecumenically and are generally more accommodating, with freedom and liberty. Modern Catholics Modern Catholics broadly accept the Tractarian/ Sacramental position. Within current theological debates, liberal thinking and the ordination and consecration of women is accepted. Prayer -Book Catholics Prayer- Book Catholics were loyal to the 1662 Book of Common -Prayer though prefaces such as Benedictus- qui -venit, Agnus- Die and prayer of oblation said as part of the canon by the priest, is preferable. PBC lean towards the late Medieval way of ceremony, church adornment and gothic vestments. Traditional Sarum -Rite applies an altar, set with a cross and two candles, framed by a cloth dossal and two side curtains. Sense and Sacramental Catholic spirituality experiences the presence and power of God sacramentally. The Holy Sacraments enable Christians to encounter the love and presence of God. Within liturgical celebrations catholic Christians use symbolic mannerisms; making the sign of the cross, incensing and anointing, genuflecting and bowing to the altar and before the Reservation of the Blessed Sacrament in recognising Gods presence. Participating in the Sacraments empowers a profound sacramental appreciation; where just as Christ is present in bread and wine (John 6: 51-58) many other facets of life can also be altered by Gods presence and supremacy. Liturgical Life and Practice Let my prayer rise before you like incense. (Psalm141: 2) Liturgy is not individualistic but is an action in which the whole church participates. The liturgical life of the church is crucial to catholic spirituality; holding fast to a rigorous public discipline of prayer life through saying the daily Offices. This complements the evangelical tradition whose emphasis is on a more personal devotion. The way people pray shapes their identity but a church that lives on extemporary prayer and a non- Eucharist worship does not have a catholic or Anglican identity. Catholic liturgy is well-ordered with the belief that liturgical worship emphasizes the meaning of being Christian within the world with the identity that history, Church and mission go together (Croft. A. 2008. p. 78). Anglo-Catholic liturgy is shaped by the six points of Eucharistic practice from the Tractarian Movement; Vestments, Eastward-facing Masses, Altar Lights, Un-Leavened bread and water mixed with the wine at Eucharist and using Incense. (http://anglicanhistory.org/ england/misc/bell_oxford1933.html) Priesthood The nature of the Church is to be a priestly body' (1 Peter 2: 5, 9-10). Ordained priests are called out by the Church as priests to the priestly community. All Catholics would agree about the belief in the Communion of Saints, offering prayers for the faithful departed, asking for the intercession of Saints, the importance of priests and the impossibility of lay presidency but would disagree on the issues of women and celibacy. Catholics believe that the ordained sacred priesthood is sacramental with some Anglo-Catholics encouraging their priests to live celibate lives. Priests are seen as a sacramental and visible presence of Christ and a high doctrine of what the Church can do as the people of God moving as the Spirit of God. The Church is the Sacrament of Christ, (Bunting. Ian.. 2006. p. 101) uniting us with God and Jesus Christ through word, sacrament and the recognition of the threefold orders of ministry. (Croft. S. 2008. p. 81) Christian sacraments offer the care and support of life from birth to death and within this sacramental framework, the priest makes-present the divine grace at every stage and in every need. (Macquarrie. J. 1966. p. 437) The Eucharist Catholics have a high sacramental view and doctrine manifesting itself in the importance of Baptism and Eucharist. The Catholic view is that on behalf of the congregation and the whole Church, the priest offers/pleads the salvific action of Christ on the cross (Hebrews 4: 14- 5:10) where Christ brings home the reality to us of the everlasting benefits of His victory (John 6: 53-57) renewing our Christian response, thanksgiving and abandonment to Him. There is a strong belief in the Real Presence of Jesus Christ through the consecration of the elements of Bread and Wine where, Communion with Christ in the Eucharist presupposes his true presence, effectually signified by the bread and wine which, in this mystery, become his body and blood. (http://www.antioch.com.sg/cgi-bin/Agora-Pub/get/expressions/54.html?nogifs) However, to understand the Real Presence by His body and blood, must be realized within the framework of Christs redemptive and saving acts. This means Christs offering of himself for humanity to be reconciled to God the Father, in harmony and in life within Jesus Christ himself. The Eucharist and the celebration of Eucharistic liturgy, defines the identity of being Catholic. The Eucharist is an enactment, a drama, event, participation and proclamation with every sense appealed to. Discipleship Catholics believe the Church is sacramental in being Christs presence within the world; called to embrace the world with the gracious and transforming love of Christ. Catholic life is energised by Christs ongoing presence in Scripture, in the sacramental life of the catholic tradition and within prayer and comprehension. Being catholic pastorally takes seriously the prayer, Let me see the face of Christ in all people in the poor, the orphans, the destitute and through rage and anger. A catholic and global faith confirms that the image of God is everywhere. (http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/1925) Bishop Weston wrote, You cannot claim to worship Jesus in the Tabernacle, if you do not pity Jesus in the slums.. (+Weston -1923 Anglo-Catholic Congress) It is one thing having Christ in the Tabernacle but unless Christians engage by serving and searching for Christ in the needy and suffering and wash their feet (John 13: 1-17) then the Eucharist means nothing. To be catholic is to be universal and embracing, taking on essentially an incarnational view of Gods activity in the world, connecting social and Catholicism with Christ in the Eucharist and Christ in the world. This is the heart of true Catholic discipleship.

A Common Thread Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Common Thread   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We as a society are surrounded by life, as we know it each day. Never stopping to look around and absorb what is going on around us. Our surroundings pass us by and we never take a glimpse at what those surroundings may hold. Our society presses forward without looking over their shoulder to see where we have been. Without acknowledging our present culture and studying our culture in the past, where are we going?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studying Clifford Geertz, Patricia Limerick, John Wideman, and Ralph Waldo Emerson has made it easier for me to answer my own question. These four authors of varying expertise tied together a common thread called culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clifford Geertz in his essay â€Å"Deep Play† brought us the world of cockfighting in Bali. In this essay he portrays the culture of our present American society through the use of the Balinese cockfight. Amazingly enough Geertz used what some would call a primitive culture to show us the aspects of our culture and the role these aspects play in our culture. Social structure, family, tradition, and money are just a few of the aspects brought out by Geertz that govern our present society. Geertz sums up our culture when he states,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Their life, as they arrange it and perceive it, is less a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  flow, a directional movement out of the past, through   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the present, toward the future than an on-off pulsation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of meaning and vacuity, an arrhythmic alternation of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  short periods when â€Å"something† (that is, something   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  significant) is happening and equally short ones where   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"nothing† (that is, nothing much) is- between what they   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  themselves call â€Å"full† and â€Å"empty† times, or, in another   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  idiom, â€Å"junctures† and â€Å"holes† (387).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patricia Limerick in her essay â€Å"Empire of Innocence† exposed many ot... ... the effectiveness list would be John Wideman’s â€Å"Our Time.† Wideman continues building on all the other author’s information by showing us how the rules that have been established for culture apply to family, race, and the pursuit of happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Considering the facts that the essays discussed here were written at different times and encompass various subjects, we have torn them into pieces and used the pieces to complete one puzzle. Upon completion of the puzzle, we now have a picture of culture. Furthermore, the essays have given us a common thread that we can now use to tie our puzzle pieces together. This common thread is our culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"The American Scholar.† Rpt. in Ways of Reading.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5th Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Martin’s, 1999. 304. Geertz, Clifford. â€Å"Deep Play.† Rpt. in Ways of Reading. 5th Ed. David   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. 387.

Character Evaluation

The film that I have chosen is Shrek. The character that I will be referencing to is going to be the character Shrek. On the low end of the extraversion scale, he fits perfectly well. He is more on the shy side and likes to be by himself for the most part. You can characterize his personality by his actions and responses being introverted. He is a person that is not too friendly with everyone. You can say that he is grumpy majority of the time. He is not a people-friendly person, only to the people that he becomes friends with as the movie progresses on. Another character in this movie is Donkey. The main discussion between the two of these characters is that Shrek will not allow people to get close to him and only continues to push people away. He â€Å"fails to pause following punishment, pushing ahead to the next trial before learning from his mistakes. † (Text book citation) When it comes to meeting new people, his initial greetings is very extroverted. On the neuroticism scale, Shrek scored very high on this scale. There are many sign that he exhibits on the high end of this scale, including nervousness, moodiness, and hostility. When he is faced with different challenges, he becomes very irritable and very angry. This indicates that he is inferior with his coping skills. When it comes to adapting to his social responses to make the right for the situation, he has difficulty doing this. This is typical of neuroticism. These actions are shown throughout the film on a repeated basis. Shrek scores very low on the openness to experience scale. The only that that concerns him is getting back to his old life in the swamp. This is an area that he is use to. His is not immediately affected by his well being is he does not exhibit curiosity in anything new. When he is faced with new situation or new people, his general demeanor is to quickly become aggravated or cranky with any of these situations. On the F scale he exhibits cynicism and destructiveness. His response pattern overall is very hostile. Even though it may seem that Shrek is not agreeable or conscientious on the surface, he is very conscientious towards other people. He is a person that believes in working hard and strives to persevere in his endeavors. On the other end of the scale, he exhibits erratic behavior and being much unorganized. On the agreeableness scale, he is the epitome of the ogre. His enjoyment comes from teasing others and he is antagonistic. He is a person that is belligerent and very crude. These come from his overall persona.

Identifying Behavior for a Functional Behavior Analysis

Identifying Behavior for a Functional Behavior Analysis Identify Behaviors The first step in an FBA is to identify the specific behaviors that are impeding a childs academic progress and need to be modified. They will most likely include one or more of the following: Leaving their seat during instruction.Calling out answers without raising their hand, or without permission.Cursing or other inappropriate language.Kicking or hitting other students or staff.Inappropriate sexual behavior or sexualized behavior.Self-Injurious Behavior, such as head banging, pulling fingers back, digging at skin with pencils or scissors. Other behaviors, such as violent ideation, suicidal ideation, long periods of crying or withdrawal may not be appropriate subjects for an FBA and a BIP, but may require psychiatric attention and should be referred to your director and the parents for appropriate referrals. Behaviors related to a clinical depression or schizo-effective disorder (early pre-cursor of schizophrenia) may be managed with a BIP, but not treated. Behavior Topography The topography of a behavior is what the behavior looks like objectively, from the outside. We use this term to help us avoid all the emotional, subjective terms we might use to describe difficult or annoying behaviors. We may feel that a child is being disobedient, whereas what we see is a child who finds ways to avoid classwork. The problem may not be in the child, the problem may be that the teacher expects the child to do academic tasks that the child cannot do. A teacher who followed me in a classroom put demands on the students that did not take their skill levesl into account, and she harvested a boatload of aggressive, defiant and even violent behavior. The situation may not be a problem of behavior, but a problem of instruction. Operationalize Behaviors Operationalize means to define the target behaviors in ways that they are clearly defined and measurable. You want the classroom aide, the general education teacher and the principal all to be able to recognize the behavior. You want each of them to be able to conduct part of the direct observation. Examples: General definition: Johnny doesnt stay in his seat.Operational definition: Johnny leaves his seat for 5 or more seconds during instruction. General definition: Lucy throws a tantrum.Operational definition: Lucy throws herself on the floor, kicks and screams for longer than 30 seconds. (If you can redirect Lucy in 30 seconds, you probably have other academic or functional fish to fry.) Once you have identified the behavior, youre ready to start collecting data to understand the function of the behavior.

Postwar father essays

Postwar father essays The postwar father was a central participant in a wide assortment of family leisure activites. The periods increased time and empahis upon, leisure fit in with longer term changes in ideologies of fatherhood. The "new father" took more interest in matters of daily family life, including leisure orientated child care and sex education of sons and daughters. These developments did not change mens position as breadwinners, but expanded their realm into domestic areas. It is with the additional leisure time that he becomes exposed to and absorbs the barbecuing commercial speech. At this time there is no language available to reconize the male contrbution to domestic production. So men's gardening, hunting, and alcohol manufacturing were said to be hobbies. (Example Suzanne Morton's comments). Since the fathers role was the breadwinner and the women's role was primarily housekeeping. How would it be that barbecuing could be conceived as masculine, an activity matching one that is held in the kitchen by a women. Could outdoor cooking be protrayed as a hobby. Thomas Walsh, "suggested a genetic link between masculinity and the outdoors as the reason for mens pro-clivty to put up the barbecue tongs. Barbecue And Outdoor Cooking went out of it's way to note that grilling was "an old age method of preparing meat". Others contrasted cooking in a modern cooking, barbecuing harkened back to an earlier time. Tom Riley, author of " How to Build Your Outdoor Kitchen", felt the bustle of modern life explained men's barbecuing. The barbecuing represented a brief retreat from modern life and , presumably, modern gender roles. In order to sell barbecues and barbecue products advertisers had to position the product and the event as a very masculine event. The advertisers had to portray the product and disassociate it from the kitchen. Catalogues were used to portray the product as a direct relationship between the meat, barbecuing, ...

Critique a photography show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique a photography show - Essay Example He was trying to put across excitement. Looking at the way the woman’s hands are spread out, one gets the feeling of balance and exactitude. The woman’s hands are positioned in a way to give her perfect balance as she tackles the wave. Looking at the wave that the woman in the image is riding, one could say that the roughness of the wave is intended to portray challenges and she appears to be taking the wave head on. One could further say that the image portrays one who is facing life’s challenges head-on while knowing full well how to go about it; they have achieved balance in their life. Looking at another image of a lady who is clasping her hands, closing her eyes and tilting her head to the sky as if in prayer, one gets a feeling of innocence. The artist was trying to convey synergy. This can be shown by the simple way the lady is clasping her hands, the simple way she has closed her eyes as she is not doing it forcefully, and the serene environment that seems to surround her. All these coupled with the warm radiant colours of her clothing serve to convey calmness. She seems to be tilting her head to the sky as if seeking something that she knows is there. Looking at another image, this one of a painted man’s face, one gets the feeling that the artist was trying to convey aggression. From the use dark colours to paint his face, and the pattern employed in the painting; diagonally across his face, one gets the feeling that the man is getting ready for combat. From his untidy hair, one gets the feeling that the artist was trying to convey hostility. This is also achieved from the dark colour of his t-shirt. The grey background also adds to the feeling of aggression. In all the three images, the artist has beautifully used colour and shape to put across different emotions that one instantly connects with on examination of the images. The first image seems to

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example Simply, Kennedy’s definition is more concerned with the action of seeing and deriving meaning from visual images while Howell’s definition is more concerned with the cognitive processes involved when people retrieve meaning from visual images and how experiences, sensory perception and critical thinking affect the process (Howells, 2009). I am of the opinion that Howell’s definition offers a better and more comprehensive analysis of visual literacy since it not only analyses the physical action of seeing images, but also identifies that it encompasses other factors such as the cognitive processes specific to a person, such as their attention span, experiences, reception to external stimuli and their ability to think critically. I find Kennedy’s evaluation limiting and lacking since it only emphasizes on the physical activity of seeing as the primary and sole factor in the process of retrieving meaning from images. Kennedy’s definition alludes to the fact that visual literacy is straight forward for everyone. However, this is not the case especially in today’s world where conditions such as attention deficit disorders may inhibit the ability of a person to accurately decipher the meaning of images and consequently impact on the visual literacy of a person. In today’s world, the classroom offers an opportunity to study and recognize the different levels of visual literacy among people. According to Elkins, the most compelling argument in favor of visual literacy being considered as a universal language is its ability to communicate messages, concepts and ideas to people of varying cultural languages across the world. The use of one image may be used to convey a singular message to people of diverse cultures and languages across the globe and despite the differences, the people will still retrieve a singular meaning to the visual image presented. Essentially, visual literacy is not

Erin Brockovich Movie Project Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Erin Brockovich Project - Movie Review Example Erin is a single mom, who is unemployed with three (3) kids to support. The lawyer of the defendant committed grave ethical misconduct by criticizing Erin for her current status in life. She was accused by lawyer of extorting money from his client who is a rich doctor because she was desperate to find a way to earn money to support her kids. According to the doctor, from the moment Erin saw the doctor’s expensive car, a Jaguar, she saw it as a â€Å"meal ticket† or an opportunity to earn money by ramming her car against his car in order to get compensated. This act of the doctor is conduct unbecoming because she misjudged the Erin based on her status in life because she was penniless and underprivileged, thus not giving her a fair trial. She was prejudged because of her profile, an unemployed mother with 3 kids to support, broke and $17,000 in debt. She was disfavored because of her status in life and not by the facts of the case, making the jury render a decision not i n her favor. Therefore, the lawyer of the doctor committed a violation of his duty as a lawyer by not giving Erin a fair trial which is prejudicial in the administration of justice. 2. ... The water was contaminated by a substance was known as hexavalent chromium or chromium 6, which is in a high level, which can be toxic and harmful to human beings. This toxic substance can cause serious bodily harm and diseases like chronic headaches and nosebleed, respiratory and liver disease, chronic heart failure/disease, reproductive organ failure, bone deterioration, and even the fatal cancer disease. It was evident that cheating was present when the people were made to believe that the water was good for consumption and the water where their kids swam was safe. It was later discovered by Erin and her companions that this problem has been present all along way back 1996. The doctors who treated the patients also committed violation of the Code of Medical Ethics when they committed dishonesty by cheating on their patients by making them believe that they were healthy and well and on their way to recovery, when in truth and in fact, they were not getting well. The doctors were pa id a hefty sum of money by PG&E to tell lies to their patients to convince the patients that they are safe and being taken care of. The employees of PG&E also committed bribery on the people by offering money to drop the charges against PG&E and for them to testify in court that their health problems were not in any way related to PG&E. PG&E corporation also committed violations on their duty to uphold the corporate social responsibility by violation of environmental laws and bringing danger and harm to the community. The corporation, through desperate measure also resorted to the use of threat and harassment on Erin to stop her from investigating the case. This manifests unethical behavior on the part of PG&E by employing force

Life Of A Teenager Essay Example for Free

Life Of A Teenager Essay WE TEENS are something our life depends on cell phones, television and lot more. We are more bothered about our fashion and outlook. Our friends play the most important role in our life.A teenager, or teen, is a young person whose age falls within the range from thirteen  through nineteen (13–19). They are called teenagers because their age number ends in teen. Someone aged 18 or 19 is also considered a young adult. Timing of puberty On average, girls begin puberty at ages 10–11; boys at ages 11–12. Girls usually complete puberty by ages 15–17,[2][3][4] while boys usually complete puberty by ages 16-17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12–13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys.This can be due to improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or eating meat from animals which have been dosed up with oestrogen. I memorize the phone numbers of friends whom my parents do not approve of so that their names don’t blink on my mobile phone. Nothing Like a Friend I sometimes fight with my friends, but there’s mutual understanding that we won’t let our parents know. And, usually, we sort out the differences ourselves. Some of us get stuck with friends from whom we learn to smoke, drink, splurge, and other vices. For a while, I got entangled with a group of boys and became addicted to video games. When I want to attend a party or watch a film, I invent a story, like I am  going to study at a friend’s place. Last year one of my classmates was moving to another city. On his last day at school, I gave him `100 so that he could buy himself a present. It was the money my mother gave me to buy a sweater.

Lateral Ankle Sprain Injury Health And Social Care Essay

Lateral Ankle Sprain Injury Health And Social Care Essay The aim of this essay is to provide a factual study and evaluation of the implications of a lateral ankle sprain and the pathopysiological processes that may be involved. This study discusses the social and psychological factors that may impact on the patients experience of such injuries, highlighting the importance of . The following case study on Mr Attallah Khan provides a platform to discuss presenting biopsychosocial factors that need to be considered when devising a management plan. Mr Khan sprained his ankle whilst taking part in a three legged race. He turned over on his right ankle experiencing intense pain with inability to bear weight. The main structures within the ankle that would be affected in this type of injury would be the three main lateral ligaments that help to prevent the ankle form rolling forward and outward together with the muscles of the lateral compartment, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.( re the anterior talofibular ligament, the posterior tablofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament.) Hubbard T, Wikstrom E, states that anterior talofibular ligaments (ATFL), reported to be the weakest is the first ligament injured. This is followed by calcaneofibular ligament (PTFL) and finally to the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). X-rays of right ankle showed no fractures. Mr Khan is a week post injury and at sub acute level of inflammation. The subacute stage is when healing and repair occurs. As a result of the inflammation Mr Khan has experienced soreness and swelling that causes him a lot of discomfort at the end of the day. He uses the crutch to help him get about but finds it difficult managing stairs and manoeuvring around the office. Hubbard T, Wikstrom E states that in order to regain stability of the ankle joint, immediate care and rehabilitation should focus on enhancing ligament healing. 2. Mr Khan lives with his wife and two children. He has been recently promoted to Partner in a city law firm. He is fairly active and enjoys family activities such as playing with the children and family walks. Mr Khan may feel immense pressure and anxiety to carry on with his normal daily duties at home and at work despite his injury. He suffers from tension headaches which may be a result of heavy work pressures as a result of his demanding position, for this he takes ibuprofen. Although Mr Khan takes for his headaches it may slow down the healing of the damaged ligaments. NSAIDs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, substances that are involved in pain and also in the creation of collagen Warden S.J et al ( 2009) Collagen is the key element of most tissues and without prostaglandins collagen cannot be made which will hinder the repair of the tissue. By taking such painkillers Mr Khan may continue daily duties without the signals of pain resulting in further injury t o the affected area. Mr Khan also continues to work and has to also commute to the city and meetings, this lack of rest and weight bearing on the ankle may further delay the healing process. Mr Khan has forthcoming plans to travel in four months to America and then to Pakistan this will make a quick recovery his main priority. Mr Khan is a successful professional, intelligent and very motivated. With this in mind (Hegna T, Sveram M 1990) states that it is important to structure a rehabilitation plan that may influence motivation during recovery and it is necessary to try and identify which factors arouse each individuals motivation so that strategies can be used to enhance it. In order provide a successful plan for rehabilitation it would be necessary to set achievable, realistic goals in line with Mr Khan desired outcome which to walk again uninhibited by pain or swelling. To achieve full compliance may prove to be very difficult but the practitioner being seen as the professional whose role is to help patients achieve their objective may promote patient adherence. In Mr Khans case the management plan must include functional activities that are designed to initiate full recovery of the injury which will in turn allow Mr Khan to get on with his life. Management of Mr Khans lateral ligament injury will involve protection, rest, ice ,compression and elevation (PRICE) and function rehabilitation ie. Early mobilisation with support states Mattacola G, Dwyer K (2002). Research shows that early mobilisation of the joint will stimulate collagen bundle orientation and therefore stimulate healing. The primary goal for Mr Khan is to manage the pain, control the inflammation and protect the joint so that healing can take place. Hubbard T, Wikstrom E, (2010). state that in the acute stages of healing it is important to protect the lateral ligament of the ankle because the damage caused would have caused increased laxity. Protection is required with ankle bracing to prevent re-injury while the ligament heals. Rest is a necessary element to Mr Khans plan, this may however be difficult to enforce as Mr Khan is a very active man and may feel it necessary to place his treatment plan secondary to his family and work commitments. Enforcement of thi s rule may require discussions with Mr Khan in order to identify the factors that may hinder him from fully resting his ankle, this may also require the supervision and cooperation of the rest of his family. Factors to consider may be his workload as a new partner in the solicitors firm in which he works, together with the fact that the climbing of stairs with a crutch to get to his office is proving very difficult for him. This may require a temporary relocation of his office to the ground floor or a period of working at home until Mr Khan is able to bear weight on the ankle. Mr Khan is an intelligent man and needs to appreciate the logic in the activities he has been asked to do. It is important for the rehabilitation plan to reflect Mr Khans objectives but equally as important is the requirement for Mr Khan to cooperate and fully embrace the plan in order for it to be successful. Mr Khan must also elevate the ankle to reduce the swelling which will result in less pain; an ice com pression will also assist in this process. With less pain present Mr Khan may begin to engage in gentle mobilisation techniques leading onto exercises that restore motion and strength usually within 48 to 72 hours of injury. It is vital that the patient has complete confidence and have an understanding that if they cooperate and comply with each stage of the plan it will eventually lead to a successful outcome. Dividing the rehabilitation up into short term goals such as reducing the inflammation resulting in less pain progressing to long term goals will allow both patient and practitioner to monitor and measure the success of the treatment and make adjustments where necessary. When short term goals are accomplished this then provides encouragement and motivation for future stages in the treatment. Mr Khan must understands that if the inflammation is first addressed and dealt with then the pain will subside leading to increased range of motion and joint stability, thus leading to a return of activities of daily living (ADL). Patients can become non-compliant to treatment plan if they do not appreciate the rationality behind what they are asked to do. Ley. P. (1988) states that by Improving communication by either increasing the amount of information provided or by using special techniques can often led to increased understanding, recall and satisfaction. Mr Khan is impatient and frustrated with his injury and feels that it is an obstacle to fulfilling the commitments he faces with this in mind it is important to explain why it is necessary to engage with to the treatment and failure to do so may lead to a delayed recovery, that may prevent him from not only continuing in his weekend walks with the family but also may result in him having to cancel his forthcoming travel plans. The Biopsychosocial model of health best fits this case as it is vital to take into account the biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors surrounding Mr Khans case. By not focusing on the injury in isolation but taking into account Mr Khans lifestyle, mind-set, commitments, education, perception of control and his ultimate goals, a precise achievable treatment plan can be devised to help restore him not only back to full, pain-free mobility but to his role in society as a husband, father and lawyer.

David St. John :: essays research papers fc

The Work of David St. John David St. John writes of love in a pessimistic way in his collection of poems, The Red Leaves of Night. His writings suggest love is unattainable and his relationships with people (especially with females) are portrayed as negative. St. John creates a fallen man in his text, especially when his poems focus on his dilemmas with women. Psychoanalysis plays a large role in the writings of St. John being that he shows the effects of his downfall and the negativity the downfall incorporates. Lacanian psychoanalysis suggests our language is structured like our subconscious and full of desires. Lacanian analysis also shows that the  ¡Ã‚ §signs ¡Ã‚ ¨ in language are split between the signifier and the signified and the barrier between the two lead to unfulfilled desires. St. John ¡Ã‚ ¦s poetry is swarming with lines alluding to unfulfilled desires or a longing for things that simply cannot be obtained. St. John establishes the breaking of a psyche and through Lacanian analysis we can s ee that the desires expressed in his poetry will never be met. Through Lacanian analysis, we are able to see that St. John is seeking more, and wanting more substance out of relationships and his life that cannot be obtained. St. John is longing for a sense completeness yet his completion is something that can never happen. Lacan shows the human psyche in three parts, similar to that of Sigmund Freud. Lacan calls the three parts  ¡Ã‚ §Orders ¡Ã‚ ¨ and they consist of the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real. The Imaginary is  ¡Ã‚ §the part of the psyche that contains our wishes, fantasies, and, most importantly, images ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Bressler 156). Lacan ¡Ã‚ ¦s major focus is in his theory that our psyche is lack and fragmentation.  ¡Ã‚ §We have longings for love, for physical pleasure ¡Kbut nothing can fulfill our desire to return to the Imaginary Order and be at one with our mother ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Bressler 158). Many of the poems in The Red Leaves of Night withhold the sense that St. John is yearning for something and is never complete. For example, in his poem  ¡Ã‚ §The Unsayable, the Unknowable & You ¡Ã‚ ¨ St. John presents a situation where he is completely captivated by a woman and lusts for more activity with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚    ¡Ã‚ §My prize: A night alone (again) with you,tracing/This brocade of sweat along your amber shoulder./Let ¡Ã‚ ¦s weave together the dawn ¡Ã‚ ¦s superior light-/A script of bodies, inscribed by the summer ¡Ã‚ ¦s night ¡Ã‚ ¨ (St.

The Program Design and Evaluation Process

This article will address the data collection of aggressive behavior incidents at Pathway High School. We will address several different data collections and measurements to the following subjects: The occurrences of aggressive behavior incidents reported before and after a program implementation, the data and success rate on the behavior correction procedures in the classroom by teachers and the success rate to the implementation of the School-Wide Positive Behavioral Support (SWPBS) program, within Pathway High SchoolWe will use the already recorded data from our Spreadsheet (Kaplan University, 2013) in comparing the measurements and success rates of our implemented program.Figure 1: The purpose of this data requirement is to implement an affective program to decrease the student’s aggressive behavior incidents at Pathway High School. The quantitative data collection is used for this kind of measurement and data collection, because the distribution of variables can be genera lized to entire population (Dawson, C., 2002). In this case we will concentrate on the aggressive behavior of the students and the measurements of occurrences of the aggressive behavior of students, with the focus to decrease the number of aggressive behavior of the students.The occurrence of aggressive behavior incidents reported before the implemented program started was reported to the following: In September the  aggressive behavior incidents occurred 248 times. In October it went to 262 times and for November the behavior incidents occurred 275 times. This brings the aggressive behavior incidents, within the 3 month time scale, to the number of: 785 aggressive behavior incidents.After the program implementation began in December and was concluded in May. The behavior incident number indicates a decline of aggressive behavior in December with the number of 225, followed by decreasing numbers for January > 198, February > 144, March > 127, April > 99 and May > 83. The graph ind icates a significant decline in the aggressive behavior incidents, within the time of 5 month after the program was implemented in the number of 702 less incidents within 5 month. 785 > 3 month – 83 in May, after implementation of program for 5 month = 702 less incidents by May (Spreadsheet Kaplan University, 2013).This collected data will indicate that the program was successful because the aggressive behavior incidents of students declined, once the program implementation has started.Figure 2The purpose of this data requirement is to measure the impact of the program on behavior correction procedures in the classroom by teachers. In the collection of the impact of the program to behavior correction in the classroom by teachers, the quantitative data collection is used to measure and collect the results of the implicating program. This is measured to the following:Before implementation of program465 div. by 8 = 58.125 = meanTotal number of teachers A – H = 8 Total num ber before implementation of program = 465 Mean before program implementation is = 58.125 Mean is 58.125After implementation of program530 div. by 8 = 66.25 = meanTotal number of teachers A – H = 8 Total number after implementation of program = 530 Mean after program implementation of program = 66.25 Mean is 66.26 (Spreadsheet Kaplan University, 2013)Since the mean before implementation of the program is lower 58.125 then the mean after implementation of the program 66.25, then this would indicate the implementation of the program may have failed or provided little impact to the behavior correction procedures in the classroom, conducted by teachers.Figure 3The purpose of this data requirement is to rate the students satisfactory school experience before and after the SWPBS program was implemented. The data is recorded in the calculated measures of percentage and the quantitative data collection is used within this requirement.The data collection brings forth the following mea sures: Before the program started, the students satisfactory rate within their school experience provided the data of the highest level = 0 = 0% and the lowest level = 70 = 31%.After the program was implicated for three (3) month, the students satisfactory rate within their school experience provided the information of an increase, within the highest level = 15 = 6.6 = 7% and the lowest level = 25 = 11%.Six (6) months after program started, the student’s satisfactory rate within their school experience showed a significant increase in the highest level = 15 = 6.6 = 7% and significant decrease in the Lowest level = 10 = 4.4†¦ = 4% (Spreadsheet Kaplan University, 2013).These measures and data collection provides the information of the success to the implicated SWPBS program.The follow up on all of the collected data and the evaluation of the follow up, provides us with the feedback on results, accomplishments, or impacts on the students behavior by the program implementati on. In addition it will provide us information about the effectiveness and the appropriateness of the implemented program (Kettner, P. 2012).

Free Essays on The Invisible Man

J. R. Hammond once said, â€Å"It is perhaps difficult for a twentieth-century reader to recapture the sense of excitement which must have been experienced by those who read the Invisible Man for the first time on its publication as a serial in Pearson’s Weekly in the summer of 1897 and as a book in the autumn of that year.† Yet, to a contemporary reader, it is also apparent that this novel does not purely narrate a story about a selfish young scientist-a hunter who is hunted at last. We can capture the author’s profound thoughts if we look through the disguise of the science fiction color. Its thesis is the conflicts between group and the individual and the conflicts begin as soon as the secret of invisibility becomes public. When first reading the Invisible Man, readers will find the title itself resonant, dangerous; although its resonance may have become a little muted through repetition after more than a century in print. Simmering in their mind are mainly two questions, one theological and one sociological: What if a man could be invisible yet still active in society? And, what would this man do without the public observing? Griffin, the young chemist and physicist, discovers the secret of invisibility and becomes transparent himself. When imagining an invisible man walking on the street freely, we may feel amused and curious first due to the fact that many of us have ever fancied ourselves invisible- sometimes we find ourselves naked going through the crowd in our dreams. But later on the second thought, we will find a lack of both privacy and security because an invisible man means a disembodied voice, a walking emptiness who can witness whatever you do, a threat both anarchic and extremely terrifying, which means he can do anything he wants on one hand and he could be right next to you on the other hand. Furthermore, people will consider him as a threat to the human beings’ normal life in which people live harmonio... Free Essays on The Invisible Man Free Essays on The Invisible Man J. R. Hammond once said, â€Å"It is perhaps difficult for a twentieth-century reader to recapture the sense of excitement which must have been experienced by those who read the Invisible Man for the first time on its publication as a serial in Pearson’s Weekly in the summer of 1897 and as a book in the autumn of that year.† Yet, to a contemporary reader, it is also apparent that this novel does not purely narrate a story about a selfish young scientist-a hunter who is hunted at last. We can capture the author’s profound thoughts if we look through the disguise of the science fiction color. Its thesis is the conflicts between group and the individual and the conflicts begin as soon as the secret of invisibility becomes public. When first reading the Invisible Man, readers will find the title itself resonant, dangerous; although its resonance may have become a little muted through repetition after more than a century in print. Simmering in their mind are mainly two questions, one theological and one sociological: What if a man could be invisible yet still active in society? And, what would this man do without the public observing? Griffin, the young chemist and physicist, discovers the secret of invisibility and becomes transparent himself. When imagining an invisible man walking on the street freely, we may feel amused and curious first due to the fact that many of us have ever fancied ourselves invisible- sometimes we find ourselves naked going through the crowd in our dreams. But later on the second thought, we will find a lack of both privacy and security because an invisible man means a disembodied voice, a walking emptiness who can witness whatever you do, a threat both anarchic and extremely terrifying, which means he can do anything he wants on one hand and he could be right next to you on the other hand. Furthermore, people will consider him as a threat to the human beings’ normal life in which people live harmonio...

Cloud Computing essayEssay Writing Service

Cloud Computing essayEssay Writing Service Cloud Computing essay Cloud Computing essayThe growth of network bandwidth and intensive use of the web made cloud computing a highly popular trend. Cloud computing denotes the form of computing performed online by remote servers that allow data sharing, online access and data processing tasks (Miller, 2008). There are several wide-known providers of cloud computing services; two notable players on the market of cloud computing are Amazon with AWS (Amazon Web Services) and Google with Google Apps.Amazon is a primary provider of cloud computing services; this company offers a variety of virtual servers of different size and capacity. The customers can place their own content, apps and services on the platform, and Amazon is responsible for maintaining the servers and providing access to many users. Amazon is a convenient platform for web developers since it provides a lot of tools and features for deploying web applications.Google is a leader in many IT spheres one of which is web applications segment of I T industry. Google adopts a different approach to cloud computing and offers a variety of ready applications accessible online. Along with native applications, Google offers a convenient environment for creating and deploying own web applications. Furthermore, Google allows to integrate new applications with the existing application suite and user accounts, therefore creating a rich virtual working environment.Both companies offer similar cloud computing features such as virtual servers with typical or custom parameters (CPU, CPU cores, RAM, storage, load, etc.). Amazon has convenient support of various content and has a lot of options regulating the customers use of capacity (Hosseini, 2014). AWS offers a wider variety of instances compared to Google Cloud Engine. However, Google offers lots of ready-to-launch apps, has better input-output speed, more convenient mobile use options and impressive load balancing (Hosseini, 2014).It is possible to see that Amazons marketing strategy t argets large companies and enterprises, while Google focuses on targeting smaller companies and individual users. Indeed, according to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2012), AWS is the top used cloud service provider among both SMEs (up to 1,000 employees) and large companies (over 1,000 employees), while Google App Engine and Google Cloud Engine are rated #6 and #8 among cloud computing companies by large enterprises, and #3 and #6 by SMEs. The focus of Amazons marketing is on power, scalability and creating a secure platform for web deployment, while Google targets the needs of customers who prefer to use ready apps and benefit from integrating various applications into one network.

Cholera Disease Research Report Essays

Cholera Disease Research Report Essays Cholera Disease Research Report Essay Cholera Disease Research Report Essay Karla Obasi HEA 341 Disease Research Report December 9, 2010 CHOLERA Disease Defined Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Cholera is a bacterial disease (caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae) usually spread through contaminated water. The bacteria, which are found in fecal-contaminated food and water and in raw or undercooked seafood, produce a toxin that affects the intestines causing diarrhea, vomiting, and severe fluid and electrolyte loss. This overwhelming dehydration is the outstanding characteristic of the disease and is the main cause of death. Cholera has a short incubation period (two or three days) and runs a quick course. In untreated cases the death rate is high, averaging 50%, and as high as 90% in epidemics, but with effective treatment the death rate is less than 1%. Historical Perspective During 1883, cholera was epidemic in Egypt. A German physician and bacteriologist, Robert Koch traveled with a group of German colleagues from Berlin to Alexandria, Egypt in August, 1883. Following necropsies, they found a bacillus in the intestinal mucosa in persons who died of cholera, but not of other diseases. He reasoned that the bacillus was related to the cholera process, but was not sure if it was causal or consequential. He stipulated that the time sequence could only be resolved by isolating the organism, growing it in pure culture, and reproducing a similar disease in animals. He was not able to obtain such a pure culture, but did try to infect animals with choleraic material. None became infected. His thoughts and early findings were sent in a dispatch to the German government and shared with the German press. On January 7th 1884, Koch announced in a dispatch that he had successfully isolated the bacillus in pure culture. One month later he wrote again, stating that the bacillus was not straight like other bacilli, but a little bent, like a comma. Â   He also noted that the bacillus was able to proliferate in moist soiled linen or damp earth, and was susceptible to drying and weak acid solutions. Finally, e pointed out that the specific organisms were always found in patients with cholera but never in those with diarrhea from other causes, were relatively rare in early infection, but were extensively present in the characteristic rice water stools of advanced cholera patients. He was, however, still unable to reproduce the disease in animals, reasoning correctly that they are not susceptible. In May, 1884 Koch and his colleagues returned to Berlin where they were treated as n ational heroes. Epidemiology Cholera is a disease that occurs in low income regions of the world where sanitation, food and water hygiene are inadequate. Imported cases occasionally occur in travelers returning from endemic areas. In areas without clean water or sewage disposal (as may occur after natural disasters or in displaced populations in areas of conflict), cholera can spread quickly and have a case fatality rate of as high as 50% in vulnerable groups with limited medical care. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports the emergence of new strains of Vibrio cholerae which now predominates in parts of Africa and Asia, and the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant strains. Annual global figures (2009) reported to WHO included 221,226 cases and 4,946 deaths from 45 countries. The majority of cases (98%) were reported from Africa where an outbreak, that started in 2008 and lasted for almost a year, spread to South Africa and Zambia. By the end of July 2009, over 98,000 cases and 4,000 deaths were reported in this outbreak. Asia reported an 82% decrease in cases in 2009 compared to 2008, however, reports of acute watery diarrhea, many of which may be cholera, were not included. When cholera first appears in epidemic form in an unexposed population, it can affect all age groups. In contrast, in areas with high rates of endemic disease, most of the adult population have gained some degree of natural immunity because of illness or repeated asymptomatic infections. In this setting, the disease occurs primarily in young children, who are exposed to the organism for the first time, and in the elderly, who have lower gastric acid production and waning immunity. The poor are at greatest risk because hey often lack safe water supplies, are unable to maintain proper hygiene within the home, and may depend on street vendors or other unregulated sources for food and drink. Recent epidemiologic research suggests that an individuals susceptibility to cholera (and other diarrheal infections) is affected by their blood type: those with type O blood are the most susceptible, while those with type AB are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood ty pes, with type A being more resistant than type B. Signs and Symptoms Dry mucus membranes or mouth * Dry skin * Excessive thirst * Glassy or sunken eyes * Lack of tears * Lethargy * Low urine output * Nausea * Rapid dehydration * Abdominal cramps * Watery diarrhea * Rapid pulse * Vomiting The usual incubation period is 2 to 5 days, although it can be as short as several hours. Severe cholera is characterized by a sudden onset of profuse, watery diarrhea accompanied by nausea and vomiting. If left untreated, this can rapidly lead to serious dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and circulatory collapse. Over 50% of the most severe cases die within a few hours? with prompt, effective treatment, mortality is less than 1%. Cholera may be asymptomatic or mild in healthy individuals, with diarrhea as the only symptom. Etiology/Pathophysiology Most of the Vibrio cholerae bacteria in the contaminated water consumed by the host do not survive the highly acidic conditions of the human stomach. The few bacteria that do survive conserve their energy and store during the passage through the stomach by shutting down protein production. When the surviving bacteria exit the stomach and reach the small intestine, they need to propel themselves through the thick mucus that lines the small intestine to get to the intestinal wall where they can thrive. The bacteria start up production of the protein flagellin to make flagella so that they can propel themselves through the mucus of the small intestine. StoIn some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects and molluscs, the stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as the primary organ of the digestive tract. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication . The stomach is Once the cholera bacteria reach the intestinal wall, they do not need the flagella propellers to move any longer. The bacteria stop producing the protein flagellin, thus again conserving energy and nutrients by changing the mix of proteins which they manufacture in response to the changed chemical surroundings. On reaching the intestinal wall, Vibrio cholerae start producing the toxic proteins that give the infected person a watery diarrhea. This carries the multiplying new generations of the bacteria out into the drinking water of the next host if proper sanitation measures are not in place. Diagnostic Methods Cholera is diagnosed by the stool sample and it keeps out the bacteria, which can cause cholera. Cholera needs immediate action because of watery diarrhea, so the health centre can begin lack of fluids treatment before a final diagnosis is made. A number of tests have been performed to check cholera: * A doctor confirms a diagnosis of cholera by recovering the bacteria from fresh stool sample or from rectal swabs. A dark-field atomic test of fresh feces shows quick moving bacilli allows for a quick, cautious analysis. * Cholera can be established only by the separation of the contributory organism from the diarrheic stools of infected persons. Clinical symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea. Cholera cots, cots with openings to allow fecal output into a bucket, are used to measure volumes of stool loss and fluid repl acement needs. Lab tests include stool gram stain (gram negative rods) culture, dark field microscopy or stool PCR. People must begin treatment even before diagnostic work-up. Treatment Methods The objective of treatment is to replace fluid and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Depending on your condition, you may be given fluids by mouth or through a vein (intravenous). Antibiotics may shorten the time you feel ill. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier to use than the typical intravenous fluid. This solution of sugar and electrolytes is now being used internationally. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) involves the replacement of fluids and electrolytes lost during an episode of diarrheal illness. Diarrheal illnesses are pervasive worldwide, and they have a particularly large impact in the developing world. Children under the age of five are the major victims and account for over 3 million deaths a year due to dehydration associated with diarrheal illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over one million deaths are prevented annually by ORT. An oral rehydration solution (ORS) is the cornerstone of this treatment. Between 90 and 95 percent of cases of acute, watery diarrhea can be successfully treated with ORT. Prognosis Most infections are not severe, with about 75% to 80% of infected people not showing any symptoms. These individuals continue to shed the bacteria back into the environment, potentially infecting others with the disease. Because of severe dehydration, fatality rates are very high (25% to 65%) when untreated, especially among infants, young children, older individuals and people with a compromised immune system. Death can occur with adults within hours of infection, but those who recover usually have long-term immunity against reinfection. Prevention and Control Methods The first cardinal rule in preventing cholera and other infectious diseases is routine hand washing. A safe and clean supply of water is the key to cholera prevention. Adequate chlorination of public water supplies and, in some cases, the distribution of chlorine tablets to households with instructions for their proper use are often effective measures. If chemical disinfection is not possible, people can be instructed to boil water before drinking it, but this may be difficult to accomplish, especially in poor countries where fuel may be expensive or unavailable. Measures for the prevention of cholera mostly consist of providing clean water and proper sanitation to populations who do not yet have access to basic services. Health education and good food hygiene are equally important. Communities should be reminded of basic hygienic behaviors, including the necessity of systematic hand-washing with soap after defecation and before handing food or eating, as well as safe preparation and conservation of food. Appropriate media, such as radio, television or newspapers should be involved in disseminating health education messages. Community and religious leaders should also be associated to social mobilization campaigns. Among people developing symptoms, 80% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity. The remaining 10%-20% of cases develop severe watery diarrhea with signs of dehydration. Once an outbreak is detected, the usual intervention strategy aims to reduce mortality ideally below 1% by ensuring access to treatment and controlling the spread of disease. To achieve this, all partners involved should be properly coordinated and those in charge of water and sanitation must be included in the response strategy. Recommended control methods, including standardized case management, have proven effective in reducing the case-fatality rate. The main tools for cholera control are: * proper and timely case management in cholera treatment centers * specific training for proper case management, including avoidance of nosocomial infections * sufficient pre-positioned medical supplies for case management (e. g. iarrheal disease kits) * improved access to water, effective sanitation, proper waste management and vector control * enhanced hygiene and food safety practices; improved communication and public information Today, no country requires proof of cholera vaccination as a condition for entry and the International Certificate of Vaccination no longer provides a specific space for recording cholera vaccinations. The International Health Regulatio ns do not provide a legal basis for countries to require travelers to have proof of cholera vaccination as reference to uch requirements was removed from the Regulations in 1973. WHO does not consider that proof of vaccination plays any useful role in preventing the international spread of cholera and therefore represents an unnecessary interference with international travel. Bibliography 1. Lam C, Octavia S, Reeves P, et al. Evolution of seventh cholera pandemic and origin of 1991 epidemic, Latin America. Emergence of Infectious Diseases. 2010. 2. World Health Organization. Cholera, 2009. Weekly Epidemiology. 2010. 3. World Health Organization. Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiology. 2010. who. int/cholera/en/index. html 4. World Health Organization. Fact sheet 107: June 2010. Cholera. Available at: who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index. html 5. Health Protection Agency. Foreign Travel associated Illness in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2007 report. London: Health Protection Agency? 2007 6. Wittlinger F, Steffen R, Watanabe H, Handszuh H. Risk of cholera among Western and Japanese travelers. 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